10 Things We All Hate About Evolution Korea
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still more stable than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced cedon paper making block printing art styles, as well as written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. At this time, the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy with the monarch and top officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of its population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or build fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and they must be respected and obeyed by all people, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, built from enormous single stones, are also common throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Baekje was the most powerful of these states was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territorial holdings. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the immense cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, champions of the old system seek to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses.
Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this segment. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of disbelief is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event drew a large audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it published its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR, as well as several books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
One example of a KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and got funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has branches in local offices that host seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and people from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated read more peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.